Appendix Cancer On The Rise In Gen X And Millennials: Causes, Symptoms, And What To Watch Out For

Appendix cancer once considered extremely rare, is now being seen more frequently in younger populations, especially millennials, and health experts are sounding the alarm. A recent study by Vanderbilt University Medical Center revealed a significant spike in appendix cancer diagnoses that cases have quadrupled in those born between 1985 and 1990, and tripled among those born between 1980 and 1985.

Experts point to multiple possible reasons. Some suggest that lifestyle factors, such as poor diets and reduced gut health, are to blame, while others believe environmental exposures or genetic vulnerability may also contribute. To understand this trend better, we consulted Dr Vaishali Zamre, Director & Head of the Breast Cancer Centre at Andromeda Cancer Hospital, Sonipat.

What Is Appendix Cancer?

Also known as appendiceal cancer, this condition begins when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the appendix, a small pouch located where the small and large intestines meet. Although the function of the appendix remains somewhat unclear, some believe it plays a minor role in immunity. Others consider it a vestigial organ.

According to Dr Zamre, the two most common types of appendix cancer are Appendicular Adenocarcinoma and Appendicular Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Another rare but serious form is Pseudomyxoma Peritonei, which involves mucin-producing cells spreading across abdominal organs.

Causes of Appendix Cancer

The root cause behind appendix cancer remains uncertain. Dr Zamre said, “A mix of lifestyle and environmental factors is likely contributing to the rise. Sedentary routines, ultra-processed foods, rising obesity rates, and exposure to harmful substances like microplastics and chemicals are all potential culprits. Genetic predisposition may also increase an individual’s risk.”

Appendix Cancer: Symptoms To Watch Out For

One of the biggest challenges with appendix cancer is that it rarely presents clear symptoms in its early stages. Many cases are mistaken for appendicitis or go unnoticed until the disease is already advanced.

As per Dr Zamre, some commonly reported signs include:

• Persistent abdominal or pelvic pain
• Sudden bloating or fullness
• A noticeable increase in waistline
• Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
• Digestive issues, like diarrhoea or constipation
• Loss of appetite or early satiety
• Nausea and vomiting
• Unexplained weight gain or loss

Dr Zamre notes that each patient may experience different symptoms, and often, a diagnosis is made only after the appendix is surgically removed and examined for unrelated issues.

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Appendix Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment

Appendix cancer is usually detected in two ways, either incidentally during surgery for suspected appendicitis, or when symptoms of metastasis such as severe bloating or obstruction prompt further testing. Biopsies and imaging may follow to confirm the diagnosis.

If caught early, surgery to remove the appendix may be sufficient. However, advanced cases might require chemotherapy or a targeted approach called HIPEC (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy), where heated chemotherapy is delivered directly to the abdomen during surgery. This technique can be especially effective for slow-growing cancers. For aggressive tumours, full surgical removal is necessary before follow-up chemotherapy is considered.

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Appendix Cancer: Can It Be Prevented?

While appendix cancer can’t be entirely prevented, experts recommend prioritising:

• A balanced, unprocessed diet
• Regular exercise
• Limiting exposure to environmental pollutants and harmful chemicals

The growing number of cases in young adults underscores the importance of awareness. Any persistent or unusual abdominal discomfort should not be ignored. While still rare overall, the increasing incidence of appendix cancer in younger generations makes early education and detection more critical than ever.

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Credits: Freepik