Rheumatoid Arthritis Awareness Day 2025: Can RA Cause Lung Damage? Here's What You Should Know

Dr Kapadia said, "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well known for causing joint pain and swelling, but it can also affect other parts of the body, including the lungs. One of the most serious lung complications related to RA is interstitial lung disease (ILD). This condition can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and overall health."

What Is Interstitial Lung Disease?

"Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of disorders that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. This scarring makes it harder for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream, leading to breathing difficulties. Over time, the lungs become stiff, making it increasingly difficult to breathe," explained the expert.

How Are RA and ILD Connected?

Although RA primarily affects the joints, it is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. This attack can extend beyond the joints to other organs, including the lungs. When the immune system targets the lungs, it can cause inflammation and lead to ILD.

Experts estimate that up to 10% of people with RA develop ILD, but signs of lung involvement can be found in nearly half of RA patients, even if they do not have symptoms.

Symptoms of RA-Associated ILD

Common signs include:

• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• Persistent dry cough
• Fatigue
• Chest discomfort

"Since these symptoms can be mistaken for other respiratory conditions, it is important for people with RA to be aware of their lung health and report any new symptoms to their doctor," said Dr Aneesa.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the risk of developing ILD in people with RA, including:

• Long-standing RA – The longer a person has RA, the higher the risk.
• Older age – ILD is more common in RA patients over 60.
• Smoking – Smoking increases the likelihood of lung complications.
• Genetics – Some genetic factors may make a person more susceptible.
• High levels of inflammation – More severe RA is linked to a greater risk of ILD.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing ILD involves imaging tests like high-resolution CT scans and lung function tests.

There is no cure for ILD, but treatment aims to slow the progression of the disease and manage symptoms. Common treatments include:

• Medications – Immunosuppressants and antifibrotic drugs may help reduce lung inflammation and scarring.
• Oxygen therapy – In advanced cases, supplemental oxygen may be needed.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation – Exercise and breathing techniques can improve lung function.

Importance of Early Detection

Since ILD can be serious, early detection is crucial. Regular monitoring, especially in high-risk RA patients, can help catch lung problems early and improve outcomes.

If you have RA, discuss any breathing issues with your doctor and get regular check-ups. Managing RA effectively and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as avoiding smoking and staying active, can help reduce the risk of lung complications.

"Rheumatoid arthritis doesn’t just affect the joints—it can impact the lungs, too. Interstitial lung disease is a serious complication that requires early detection and proper management. If you have RA, staying informed about potential lung issues and seeking medical attention for any respiratory symptoms can make a big difference in your overall health and well-being," concluded the expert.

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