Behind Closed Doors: The Persistence Of Intimate Partner Violence In 'Independent' India

As India prepares to commemorate its 77th year of independence, it's imperative to reflect on the progress made and the challenges that persist. While the nation has made remarkable strides in various sectors, one disconcerting issue that continues to lurk behind closed doors is the persistence of intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite the ideals of equality and empowerment that marked India's struggle for independence, IPV remains a significant concern, reminding us that true liberation extends beyond political boundaries.

Understanding Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate Partner Violence, often referred to as domestic violence, encompasses physical, sexual, psychological, and emotional abuse within an intimate relationship. It's a grave violation of human rights that affects individuals across gender, age, and socio-economic backgrounds. Though more awareness has been raised regarding this issue, it's alarming to note that IPV remains alarmingly prevalent in India.

Data Snapshot

Image Courtesy: GS Score Data Story

Recent data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) sheds light on the persisting IPV landscape in India. According to the NFHS-5 conducted in 2019–2020, approximately 30% of ever-married women aged 15–49 reported having experienced physical or sexual violence by their current or former spouses. These figures expose a sobering reality that cannot be ignored.

Factors Contributing To IPV

Several factors contribute to the persistence of IPV in India, highlighting the complex interplay of societal norms, cultural influences, and economic disparities:

• Gender Inequality: Deep-rooted gender norms that prioritise male dominance and female submission perpetuate the cycle of violence. The idea of men holding power over women within the household often leads to control and aggression.
• Cultural Norms: Certain cultural practices and beliefs perpetuate the normalisation of violence within intimate relationships. Concepts of honour, shame, and the preservation of family reputation can silence victims and discourage them from seeking help.
• Lack Of Education: Limited access to education, particularly for women, contributes to their economic dependency on their partners. This dependency can make it difficult for victims to escape abusive situations.
• Economic Stress: Financial strains and economic vulnerabilities can amplify tensions within households, increasing the likelihood of violent outbursts.

Legal Framework And Implementation

India boasts a comprehensive legal framework to address IPV, primarily through the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. However, the effectiveness of these laws often hinges on implementation challenges. Fear of social stigma, lack of awareness about legal remedies, and inadequate support systems deter many victims from seeking legal recourse. (HaqSe: Know Your Rights Against Domestic Violence)

The Role Of Patriarchy

Patriarchy, an underlying force that has persisted for generations, significantly contributes to the perpetuation of IPV. It's important to understand that dismantling patriarchal norms requires collective effort, not just through legislation but also through education and cultural shifts.

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Efforts And Interventions

Several organisations and initiatives have emerged to combat IPV in India:

• One-Stop Centres: The government has established One-Stop Centres across the country to provide medical, legal, psychological, and counselling support to women facing violence.
• Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs): Numerous NGOs work tirelessly to provide shelter, legal aid, and counselling to victims. These organisations play a crucial role in bridging the gaps in the existing support systems.
• Awareness Campaigns: Awareness campaigns, both online and offline, aim to challenge societal norms and encourage victims to break their silence.

Changing Mindsets And Cultivating Empathy

Tackling IPV requires a comprehensive approach that extends beyond legal measures. Efforts should focus on shifting societal attitudes, educating individuals about healthy relationships, and fostering empathy. Schools and communities can play a pivotal role in educating children about respectful behaviour and gender equality from an early age.

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As India marks its 77th year of independence, it's crucial to acknowledge the persistent challenges that mar the nation's progress. Intimate Partner Violence remains a significant concern, revealing the gaps between the principles of freedom and equality and the lived experiences of many individuals. The path towards a society free from IPV is complex and multifaceted, demanding a collective commitment to change ingrained attitudes, reinforce legal mechanisms, and provide comprehensive support to victims. Only through these concerted efforts can India truly honour the spirit of independence by ensuring freedom from violence for all its citizens, regardless of their gender.